humble3d Posted August 27, 2017 Share Posted August 27, 2017 The Eyes as Windows Into Other Minds Abstract Eyes have been shown to play a key role during human social interactions. However, to date, no comprehensive cross-discipline model has provided a framework that can account for uniquely human responses to eye cues. In this review, I present a framework that brings together work on the phylogenetic, ontogenetic, and neural bases of perceiving and responding to eyes. Specifically, I argue for a two-process model: a first process that ensures privileged attention to information encoded in the eyes and is important for the detection of other minds and a second process that permits the decoding of information contained in the eyes concerning another person’s emotional and mental states. To some degree, these processes are unique to humans, emerge during different times in infant development, can be mapped onto distinct but interconnected brain regions, and likely serve critical functions in facilitating cooperative interactions in humans. I also present evidence to show that oxytocin is a key modulator of sensitive responding to eye cues. Viewing eyes as windows into other minds can therefore be considered a hallmark feature of human social functioning deeply rooted in our biology. References: Adolphs R., Gosselin F., Buchanan T. W., Tranel D., Schyns P., Damasio A. (2005, January 6). A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature, 433, 68–72. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Allison T., Puce A., McCarthy G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: Role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 267–278. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Amodio D. M., Frith C. D. (2006). Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 268–277. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Auyeung B., Lombardo M. V., Heinrichs M., Chakrabarti B., Sule A., Deakin J. B., . . . Baron-Cohen S. (2015). Oxytocin increases eye contact during real-time, naturalistic social interaction in males with and without autism. Translational Psychiatry, 5, e507. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Aviezer H., Trope Y., Todorov A. (2012, November 30). Body cues, not facial expressions, discriminate between intense positive and negative emotions. Science, 338, 1225–1229. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Baillargeon R., Scott R. M., He Z. (2010). False-belief understanding in infants. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 110–118. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Baron-Cohen S. (1994). How to build a baby that can read minds: Cognitive mechanisms in mindreading. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 13, 513–552. Google Scholar Baron-Cohen S., Ring H. A., Wheelwright S., Bullmore E. T., Brammer M., Simmons A., Williams S. C. R. (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 1891–1898. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Baron-Cohen S., Wheelwright S., Hill J., Raste Y., Plumb I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test revised version: A study with normal adults and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 241–251. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Bateson M., Nettle D., Roberts D. (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in real-world setting. Biology Letters, 2, 412–414. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Batki A., Baron-Cohen S., Wheelwright S., Connellan J., Ahluwalia J. (2000). Is there an innate gaze module? Evidence from human neonates. Infant Behavior & Development, 23, 223–229. Google Scholar CrossRef Belin P., Fecteau S., Bedard C. (2004). Thinking the voice: Neural correlates of voice perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 129–135. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Birmingham E., Bischof W. F., Kingstone A. (2008). Gaze selection in complex social scenes. Visual Cognition, 16, 341–355. Google Scholar CrossRef Boubela R. N., Kalcher K., Huf W., Seidel E. M., Derntl B., Pezawas L., . . . Moser E. (2015). fMRI measurements of amygdala activation are confounded by stimulus correlated signal fluctuation in nearby veins draining distant brain regions. Scientific Reports, 5, Article 10499. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/articles/srep10499 Google Scholar Brooks R., Meltzoff A. N. (2002). The importance of eyes: How infants interpret adult looking behavior. Developmental Science, 38, 958–966. Google Scholar Buchan J. N., Paré M., Munhall K. G. (2007). Spatial statistics of gaze fixations during dynamic face processing. Social Neuroscience, 2, 1–13. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Burkett J. P., Andari E., Johnson Z. V., Curry D. C., de Waal F. B. M., Young L. J. (2016, January 22). Oxytocin-dependent consolation behavior in rodents. Science, 351, 375–378. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Burnham T. C., Hare B. (2007). Engineering human cooperation-Does involuntary neural activation increase public goods contributions? Human Nature, 18, 88–108. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Butterworth G. (1991). The ontogeny and phylogeny of joint visual joint attention. In Whiten A. (Ed.), Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development, and simulation of everyday mindreading (pp. 223–232). Oxford, England: Blackwell. Google Scholar Butterworth G., Itakura S. (2000). How the eyes, head and hand serve definite reference. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18, 25–50. Google Scholar CrossRef Butterworth G., Jarrett N. (1991). What minds have in common in space: Spatial mechanisms serving joint visual attention in infancy. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 55–72. Google Scholar CrossRef Caron A. J., Butler S. C., Brooks R. (2002). Gaze following at 12 and 14 months: Do eyes matter? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20, 225–239. Google Scholar CrossRef Caron A. J., Keil A. J., Dayton M., Butler S. C. (2002). Comprehension of the referential intent of looking and pointing between 12 and 15 months. Journal of Cognition and Development, 3, 445–464. Google Scholar CrossRef Carter C. S. (2014). Oxytocin pathway and the evolution of human behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 17–39. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Chevallier C., Kohls G., Troiani V., Brodkin E. S., Schultz R. T. (2013). The social motivation theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 231–239. Google Scholar CrossRef Corbetta M., Shulman G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 201–215. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Csibra G., Gergely G. (2009). Natural pedagogy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 148–153. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Dal Monte O., Noble P. L., Costa V. D., Averbeck B. B. (2014). Oxytocin enhances attention to the eye region in rhesus monkeys. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, Article 41. Retrieved from http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frins.2014.00014 Google Scholar Davidson R., Fox N. (1982, December 17). Asymmetrical brain activity discriminates between positive and negative affective stimuli in human infants. Science, 218, 1235–1237. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Deák G. O., Flom R. A., Pick A. D. (2000). Effects of gesture and target on 12- and 18-month-olds’ joint visual attention to objects in front of or behind them. Developmental Psychology, 36, 511–523. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline De Dreu C. K. W., Greer L. L., Van Kleef G. A., Shalvi S., Handgraaf M. J. J. (2011). Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 1262–1266. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline D’Entremont B., Hains S. M. J., Muir D. W. (1997). A demonstration of gaze following in 3- to 6-month-olds. Infant Behavior & Development, 20, 569–572. Google Scholar CrossRef Domes G., Heinrichs M., Michel A., Berger C., Herpertz S. C. (2007). Oxytocin improves “mind reading” in humans. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 731–733. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Dunphy-Lelii S., Wellman H. M. (2004). Infants’ understanding of occlusion of others’ line of sight: Implications for an emerging theory of mind. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1, 49–66. Google Scholar CrossRef Dupierrix E., de Boisferon A. H., Méary D., Lee K., Quinn P. C., Di Giorgio E., . . . Pascalis O. (2014). Preference for human eyes in human infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 123, 138–146. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Ebitz R. B., Platt M. M. (2014). An evolutionary perspective on the behavioral consequences of exogenous oxytocin application. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, Article 225. Retrieved from http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.0025 Google Scholar Elsabbagh M., Johnson M. H. (2010). Getting answers from babies about autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 81–87. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Elsabbagh M., Mercure E., Hudry K., Chandler S., Pasco G., Charman T., . . . Johnson M. H. (2012). Infant neural sensitivity to dynamic eye gaze is associated with later emerging autism. Current Biology, 22, 338–342. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Emery N. J. (2000). The eyes have it: The neuroethology, evolution and function of social gaze. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 581–604. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(00)00025-7 Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Ernest-Jones M., Nettle D., Bateson M. (2011). Effects of eye images on everyday cooperative behavior: A field experiment. Evolution & Human Behavior, 32, 172–178. Google Scholar CrossRef Fairhurst M. T., Löken L., Grossmann T. (2014). Physiological and behavioral responses reveal 9-month-old infants’ sensitivity to pleasant touch. Psychological Science, 25, 1124–1131. Google Scholar Link Farroni T., Csibra G., Simion F., Johnson M. H. (2002). Eye contact detection in humans from birth. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 9602–9605. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Farroni T., Johnson M. H., Menon E., Zulian L., Faraguna D., Csibra G. (2005). Newborn’s preference for face-relevant stimuli: Effects of contrast polarity. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 17245–17250. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Farroni T., Massaccesi S., Pividori D., Johnson M. H. (2004). Gaze following in newborns. Infancy, 5, 39–60. Google Scholar CrossRef Flom R., Deák G. O., Phill C. G., Pick A. D. (2004). Nine-month-olds’ shared visual attention as a function of gesture and object location. Infant Behavior & Development, 27, 181–194. Google Scholar CrossRef Flom R., Pick A. D. (2005). Experimenter affective expression and gaze following in 7-month-olds. Infancy, 7, 207–218. Google Scholar CrossRef Fox N. A. (1991). If it’s not left, it’s right: Electroencephalogram asymmetry and development of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 863–872. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Franco F., Itakura S., Pomorska K., Abramowski A., Nikaido K., Dimitriou D. (2014). Can children with autism read emotions from the eyes? The eyes test revisited. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35, 1015–1026. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Frith C. D., Frith U. (1999, November 26). Interacting minds—A biological basis. Science, 286, 1692–1695. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Frith C. D., Frith U. (2006). The neural basis of mentalizing. Neuron, 50, 531–534. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Frith C. D., Frith U. (2007). Social cognition in humans. Current Biology, 17, 724–732. Google Scholar CrossRef Gamer M., Zurowski B., Büchel C. (2010). Different amygdala subregions mediate valence-related and attentional effects of oxytocin in humans. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 9400–9405. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Gordon I., Vander Wyk B. C., Bennett R. H., Cordeaux C., Lucas M. V., Eilbott J. A., . . . Pelhrey K. A. (2013). Oxytocin enhances brain function in children with autism. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 20953–30958. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Goren C. C., Sarty M., Wu P. (1975). Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Pediatrics, 56, 544–549. Google Scholar Medline Gougoux F., Belin P., Voss P., Lepore F., Lassonde M., Zatorre R. (2009). Voice perception in blind persons: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2967–2974. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Grossmann T. (2012). The early development of processing emotions in face and voice. In Belin P., Campanella S., Ethofer T. (Eds.), Integrating face and voice in person perception (pp. 95–116). Berlin, Germany: Springer. Google Scholar Grossmann T. (2013). The role of medial prefrontal cortex in early social cognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. Retrieved from http://journal.frontiersin.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00340 Google Scholar Grossmann T., Johnson M. H. (2010). Selective prefrontal cortex responses to joint attention in early infancy. Biology Letters, 6, 540–543. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Grossmann T., Johnson M. H., Lloyd-Fox S., Blasi A., Deligianni F., Elwell C., Csibra G. (2008). Early cortical specialization for face-to-face communication in human infants. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275, 2803–2811. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Grossmann T., Lloyd-Fox S., Johnson M. H. (2013). Brain responses reveal young infants are sensitive to when a social partner follows their gaze. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 6, 155–161. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Guastella A. J., Mitchell P. B., Dadds M. R. (2008). Oxytocin increases gaze to the eye region of human faces. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 3–5. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Haith M. H., Bergman T., Moore M. (1977, November 25). Eye contact and face scanning in early infancy. Science, 198, 853–855. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Haley K. J., Fessler D. M. T. (2005). Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution & Human Behavior, 26, 245–256. Google Scholar CrossRef Hamlin J. K. (2015). The case for social evaluation in preverbal infants: Gazing toward one’s goal drives infants’ preferences for helpers over hinderers in the hill paradigm. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 1563. Retrieved from http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg2014.01563 Google Scholar Hamlin J. K., Ullman T., Tenenbaum J., Goodman N., Baker C. (2013). The mentalistic basis of core social cognition: Experiments in preverbal infants and a computational model. Developmental Science, 16, 209–226. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Hamlin J. K., Wynn K., Bloom P. (2007, November 22). Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature, 450, 557–559. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Hare B., Tomasello M. (2005). The emotional reactivity hypothesis and cognitive evolution. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 464–465. Google Scholar CrossRef Harmon-Jones E. (2003). Clarifying the emotive functions of asymmetrical frontal cortical activity. Psychophysiology, 40, 838–848. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Hertenstein M. J., Keltner D., App B., Bulleit B. A., Jaskolka A. R. (2006). Touch communicates distinct emotions. Emotion, 6, 528–533. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Heyes C. (2014). False belief in infancy: A fresh look. Developmental Science, 17, 647–659. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Jessen S., Grossmann T. (2014). Unconscious discrimination of social cues from eye whites in infants. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 16208–16213. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Johnson M. H. (2005). Subcortical face processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 766–774. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Johnson M. H., Dziurawiec S., Ellis H. D., Morton J. (1991). Newborns’ preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline. Cognition, 40, 1–19. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Jones W., Klin A. (2013, December 19). Attention to eyes is present but in decline in 2-6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism. Nature, 504, 427–431. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Kampe K. K. W., Frith C. D., Frith U. (2003). “Hey John”: Signals conveying communicative intention toward the self-activated brain regions associated with “mentalizing,” regardless of modality. The Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 5258–5263. Google Scholar Medline Kano F., Call J., Tomonaga M. (2012). Face and eye scanning in gorillas (gorilla gorilla), orangutans (pongo abelii), and humans (Homo sapiens): Unique eye-viewing patterns in humans among hominids. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 126, 388–398. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Kano F., Hirata S., Call J. (2015). Social attention in the two species of Pan: Bonobos make more eye contact than chimpanzees. PLoS ONE, 10, e0129684. Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0129684 Google Scholar Kano F., Tomonaga M. (2010). Face scanning in chimpanzees and humans: Continuity and discontinuity. Animal Behaviour, 79, 227–235. Google Scholar CrossRef Kemp A. H., Guastella A. J. (2011). The role of oxytocin in human affect: A novel hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 222–231. Google Scholar Link Kirsch P., Esslinger C., Chen Q., Mier D., Lis S., Siddhanti S., . . . Meyer-Lindenberg A. (2005). Oxytocin modulates neural circuitry for social cognition and fear in humans. The Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 11489–11493. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Kobayashi H., Hashiya K. (2011). The gaze that grooms: Contribution of social factors to the evolution of primate eye morphology. Evolution & Human Behavior, 32, 157–165. Google Scholar CrossRef Kobayashi H., Kohshima S. (1997, June 19). Unique morphology of the human eye. Nature, 387, 767–768. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Kobayashi H., Kohshima S. (2001). Unique morphology of the human eye and its adaptive meaning. Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 314–320. Google Scholar Kosfeld M., Heinrichs M., Zak P. J., Fischbacher U., Fehr E. (2005, June 2). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435, 673–676. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Krol K. M., Monakhov M., Lai P. S., Ebstein R., Grossmann T. (2015). Genetic variation in CD38 and breastfeeding experience interact to impact infants’ attention to social eye cues. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, E5434–E5442. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Krolak-Salmon P., Hénaff M., Vighetto A., Bertrand O., Mauguière F. (2004). Early amygdala reaction to fear spreading in occipital, temporal, and frontal Cortex: A depth electrode ERP study in human. Neuron, 42, 665–676. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Lee R. B. (2005). Cambridge encyclopedia of hunters and gatherers. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar Lerer E., Levi S., Israel S., Yaari M., Nemanov L., Mankuta D., . . . Ebstein R. P. (2010). Low CD38 expression in lymphoblastoid cells and haplotypes are both associated with autism in a family-based study. Autism Research, 3, 293–302. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Lerer E., Levi S., Salomon S., Darvasi A., Yirmiya N., Ebstein R. P. (2008). Association between the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene and autism: Relationship to Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and cognition. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 980–988. Google Scholar Lewis T. L., Maurer D. (2005). Multiple sensitive periods in human visual development: Evidence for visually deprived children. Developmental Psychobiology, 46, 163–183. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Looser C. E., Wheatley T. (2010). The tipping point of animacy: How, when, and where we perceive life in a face. Psychological Science, 21, 1854–1862. Google Scholar Link MacLean E. L., Hare B., Nunn C. L., Addessi E., Amici F., Anderson R. C., . . . Zhao Y. (2014). The evolution of self-control. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, E2140–E2148. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Marlowe F. W. (2005). Hunter-gatherers and human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 14, 54–67. Google Scholar CrossRef Mayhew J. A., Gómez J. C. (2015). Gorillas with white sclera: A naturally occurring variation in a morphological trait linked to social cognitive functions. American Journal of Primatology, 77, 869–877. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Meyer-Lindenberg A., Domes G., Kirsch P., Heinrichs M. (2011). Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: Social neuropeptides for translational medicine. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12, 524–538. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Modahl C., Green L., Fein D., Morris M., Waterhouse L., Feinstein C., Levin H. (1998). Plasma oxytocin levels in autistic children. Biological Psychiatry, 43, 270–277. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Morales M., Mundy P., Rojas J. (1998). Following the direction of gaze and language development in 6-month-olds. Infant Behavior & Development, 21, 373–377. Google Scholar CrossRef Nagasawa M., Mitsui S., En S., Ohtani N., Ohta M., Sakuma Y., . . . Kikusui T. (2015). Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human-dog bonds. Science, 348, 333–336. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Nasiopoulos E., Risko E. F., Kingstone A. (2015). Social attention, social presence, and the dual function of gaze. In Puce A., Bertenthal B. I. (Eds.), The many faces of social attention: Behavioral and neural measures (pp. 129–155). New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar CrossRef Nettle D., Cronin K. A., Bateson M. (2013). Responses of chimpanzees to cues of conspecific observation. Animal Behaviour, 86, 595–602. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Nettle D., Harper Z., Kidson A., Stone R., Penton-Voak I. S., Bateson M. (2012). The watching eyes effect in the Dictator Game: It’s not how much you give, it’s being seen to give something. Evolution & Human Behavior, 34, 35–40. Google Scholar CrossRef Nettle D., Nott K., Bateson M. (2012). “Cycle thieves, we are watching you”: Impact of a single signage intervention against bicycle theft. PLoS ONE, 7, e51738. Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0051738 Google Scholar Ostrovsky Y., Andalman A., Sinha P. (2006). Vision following extended congenital blindness. Psychological Science, 17, 1009–1014. Google Scholar Link Pelphrey K. A., Morris J. P. (2006). Brain mechanisms for interpreting the actions of others from biological motion cues. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 136–140. Google Scholar Link Pelphrey K. A., Viola R. J., McCarthy G. (2004). When strangers pass: Processing of mutual and averted gaze in the superior temporal sulcus. Psychological Science, 15, 598–603. Google Scholar Link Pfeiffer U. J., Schilbach L., Timmermans B., Kuzmanovic B., Georgescu A., Bente G., Vogeley K. (2014). Why we interact: On the functional role of the striatum during real-time social interactions. NeuroImage, 101, 124–137. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Pfeiffer U. J., Vogeley K., Schilbach L. (2013). From gaze cueing to dual eyetracking: Novel methods to study the neural correlates of gaze in social interaction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 2516–2528. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Provine R. R., Cabrera M. O., Nave-Blodgett J. (2013). Red, yellow, and super-white sclera: Uniquely human cues for healthiness, attractiveness, and age. Human Nature, 24, 126–136. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Reddy V. (2003). On being the object of attention: Implications for self–other consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 397–402. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Reddy V. (2008). How infants know minds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar Ronald A., Happe F., Plomin R. (2005). The genetic relationship between individual differences in social and non-social behaviours characteristic of autism. Developmental Science, 8, 444–458. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Russell R., Sweda J. R., Porcheron A., Mauger E. (2014). Sclera color changes with age and is a cue for perceiving age, health, and beauty. Psychology and Aging, 29, 626–635. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Scaife M., Bruner J. S. (1975, January 24). The capacity for joint visual attention in the infant. Nature, 253, 265–266. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Schilbach L. (2015). Eye to eye, face to face and brain to brain: Novel approaches to study the behavioral dynamics and neural mechanisms of social interactions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 130–135. Google Scholar CrossRef Schilbach L., Timmermans B., Reddy V., Costall A., Bente G., Schlicht T., Vogeley K. (2013). Toward a second-person neuroscience. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 36, 393–414. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Schilbach L., Wilms M., Eickhoff S. B., Romanzetti S., Tepest R., Bente G., . . . Vogeley K. (2010). Minds made for sharing: Initiating joint attention recruits reward-related neurocircuitry. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 2702–2715. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Schroeder J., Epley N. (2015). The sound of intellect: Speech reveals a thoughtful mind, increasing a job candidate’s appeal. Psychological Science, 26, 877–891. Google Scholar Link Senju A., Vernetti A., Ganea N., Hudry K., Tucker L., Charman T., Johnson M. H. (2015). Early social experience affects the development of eye gaze processing. Current Biology, 25, 3086–3091. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Sevgi M., Diaconescu A. O., Tittgemeyer M., Schilbach L. (2016). Social Bayes: Using Bayesian modeling to study autistic trait-related differences in social cognition. Biological Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.025 Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Shalvi S., De Dreu C. K. W. (2014). Oxytocin promotes group-serving dishonesty. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 5503–5507. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Smith M. L., Cottrell G. W., Gosselin F., Schyns P. G. (2005). Transmitting and decoding facial expressions. Psychological Science, 16, 753–761. Google Scholar Link Somppi S., Törnqvist H., Kujala M. V., Hänninen L., Krause C. M., Vainio O. (2016). Dogs evaluate threatening facial expressions by their biological validity: Evidence from gazing patterns. PLoS ONE, 11, e0143047. Retrieved from journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0143047 Google Scholar CrossRef Striepens N., Kendrick K. M., Hanking V., Landgraf R., Wuellner U., Maier W., Hurlemann R. (2013). Elevated cerebrospinal fluid and blood concentrations of oxytocin following its intranasal administration in humans. Scientific Reports, 3, Article 3440. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/articles/srep03440 Google Scholar Tinbergen N. (1963). On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20, 410–433. Google Scholar CrossRef Tomasello M., Carpenter M. (2007). Shared intentionality. Developmental Science, 10, 121–125. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Tomasello M., Carpenter M., Call J., Behne T., Moll H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 28, 675–691. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Tomasello M., Hare B., Lehmann H., Call J. (2007). Reliance on head versus eyes in the gaze following of great apes and human infants: The cooperative eye hypothesis. Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 314–320. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Tomasello M., Melis A. P., Tennie C., Wyman E., Herrmann E. (2012). Two key steps in the evolution of human cooperation: The interdependence hypothesis. Current Anthropology, 53, 673–692. Google Scholar CrossRef Tsuchiya N., Moradi F., Felsen C., Yamazaki M., Adolphs R. (2009). Intact rapid detection of fearful faces in the absence of the amygdala. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 1224–1225. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Tummeltshammer K. S., Wu R., Sobel D. M., Kirkham N. Z. (2014). Infants track the reliability of potential informants. Psychological Science, 25, 1730–1738. Google Scholar Link Ungerleider L. G., Haxby J. V. (1994). “What” and “where” in the human brain. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 4, 157–165. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Uvnas-Moberg K. (1998). Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 819–835. Google Scholar Medline Võ M. L. H., Smith T. J., Mital P. K., Henderson J. M. (2012). Do the eyes really have it? Dynamic allocation of attention when viewing moving faces. Journal of Vision, 12, Article 3. Retrieved from http://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2121284 Google Scholar Wellman H. M. (2014). Making minds. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar CrossRef Whalen P. J., Kagan J., Cook R. G., Davis F. C., Kim H., Polis S., . . . Johnstone T. (2004). Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science, 306, 2061. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Wiese E., Wykowska A., Zwickel J., Müller H. J. (2012). I see what you mean: How attentional selection is shaped by ascribing intentions to others. PLoS ONE, 7(9), e45391. Retrieved from journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0045391 Google Scholar CrossRef Wilkinson N., Paikan A., Gredebäck G., Rea F., Metta G. (2014). Staring us in the face? An embodied theory of innate face preference. Developmental Science, 17, 809–825. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Woodward A. (2003). Infants’ developing understanding of the link between looker and object. Developmental Science, 6, 297–311. Google Scholar CrossRef Woodward A. (2009). Infants’ grasp of others’ intentions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 53–57. Google Scholar Link Wu R., Tummeltshammer K. S., Gliga T., Kirkham N. Z. (2014). Ostensive signals support learning from novel attention cues during infancy. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 251. Retrieved from http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00251 Google Scholar Wyman E., Rakoczy H., Tomasello M. (2013). Non-verbal communication enables children’s coordination in a “stag hunt” game. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10, 597–610. Google Scholar CrossRef Yoon J. M. D., Johnson M. H., Csibra G. (2008). Communication-induced memory biases in preverbal infants. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 13690–13695. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline Zak P. J., Stanton A. A., Ahmadi S. (2007). Oxytocin increases generosity in humans. PLoS ONE, 2, e1128. Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0001128 Google Scholar Zeifman D., Delaney S., Blass E. M. (1996). Sweet taste, looking, and calm in 2- and 4-week-old infants: The eyes have it. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1090–1099. Google Scholar CrossRef Zwaigenbaum L., Bryson S., Rogers T., Roberts W., Brian J., Szatmari P. (2005). Behavioral manifestation of autism in the first year of life. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23, 143–152. Google Scholar CrossRef, Medline http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1745691616654457 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1745691616654457 Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Reefa Posted August 27, 2017 Share Posted August 27, 2017 Topic moved from general news forum... Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
Recommended Posts
Archived
This topic is now archived and is closed to further replies.