SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy launches world’s most massive communications satellite [Updated]

2:45 a.m. EDT Saturday update: SpaceX's Falcon Heavy has successfully launched the Jupiter 3 communications satellite.

5:30 p.m. EDT Thursday update: The launch of SpaceX's next Falcon Heavy rocket has been pushed back again until Friday night, following a scrub Wednesday night with about a minute left in the countdown.

12:30 a.m. EDT Thursday update: SpaceX has scrubbed the Falcon Heavy rocket's first launch attempt and will try again Thursday night.

The heaviest commercial communications satellite ever built lifted off on top of a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket Friday night from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

This satellite, owned by EchoStar and built by Maxar, tipped the scales at about 9.2 metric tons, or more than 20,000 pounds. SpaceX's Falcon Heavy propelled the spacecraft on its way toward an operating position in geostationary orbit more than 22,000 miles (nearly 36,000 kilometers) over the equator.

SpaceX scrubbed the launch attempt Wednesday night with about a minute left in the countdown due to a stuck valve on one of the Falcon Heavy's first stage boosters. Teams in Florida swapped out the valve, but decided to forego a launch opportunity Thursday night and target Friday night for the next launch attempt.

The action began at 11:04 p.m. EDT (03:04 UTC) with the ignition of the Falcon Heavy's 27 main engines on Launch Complex 39A. A few moments later, the Falcon Heavy climbed away from its launch pad and headed downrange toward the east from the Kennedy Space Center, darting through a thin cloud layer on the way to space.

EchoStar's subsidiary Hughes Network Systems will put the satellite, named Jupiter 3, into service to provide Internet across the Americas, from Canada to Argentina.

Jupiter 3 takes the crown as the heavyweight champion of commercial communications satellites. It's at least a couple of tons heavier than any satellite of its kind that has launched before. The spacecraft is also the most massive payload ever lofted by a Falcon Heavy, still the world's most powerful commercial launch vehicle in operational service.

“It is large," said Mark Wymer, a senior vice president at Hughes Network Systems. "The satellite from tip to tip is about 10 stories, so it’s a monster. It’s weighing in right around 9 (metric) tons, which is why we need the SpaceX Falcon Heavy to get it up into space. What drives a lot of the size and scale of that is we know that there’s this huge hunger for data, and we knew that we had to put a good bit of bandwidth up in the sky.”

The Jupiter 3 satellite, sometimes called EchoStar 24, will provide up to 500 gigabits per second of total capacity, beaming Internet signals to rural homes, businesses, airplane passengers, and government and military users.

“When you think about what it takes to support a 500-gigabit throughput satellite, in terms of the power and the solar arrays, and so forth, that’s what drives its size, scale, and scope," Wymer told Ars in an interview before the launch.

These are the kinds of missions that suit SpaceX's Falcon Heavy. Such a heavy satellite could not launch into the same orbit on a Falcon 9 rocket, even if SpaceX expended the first stage. The Falcon Heavy combines three Falcon 9 boosters together to triple the rocket's power at liftoff.

On Friday night's mission, SpaceX returned the two side boosters to landings back at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, a few miles south of the Falcon Heavy's launch pad. The center core booster burned through all its liquid propellant to give its payload as much speed as possible before shutting off and re-entering the atmosphere to crash into the Atlantic Ocean.

The twin side boosters, both reused from previous missions, detached from the core stage around two-and-a-half minutes after liftoff. Those boosters flipped around to fly tail-first, then reignited their engines to reverse course and head back toward the Florida coast. Descending vertically, the side boosters returned to their landing zones just shy of eight minutes into the mission, accompanied by the sharp clap of sonic booms.

The unique choreography of a Falcon Heavy launch—with three rockets in controlled flight simultaneously—is becoming a familiar sight on Florida's Space Coast. This was SpaceX's seventh Falcon Heavy launch and the third of five planned this year. It was SpaceX's 51st Falcon rocket launch in 2023—or 52nd launch if you count the test flight of the Starship mega-rocket from Texas in April.

Heavy lifting

After the Falcon Heavy's three boosters completed their work, the rocket's upper stage fired its engine three times over the course of more than three hours to place the Jupiter 3 satellite into an elliptical, or oval-shaped, transfer orbit. The final burn of the upper stage raised the perigee, or low point, of the orbit, shortening the time needed for Jupiter 3 to use its own propulsion to maneuver into its final operational orbit.

The rocket deployed the Jupiter 3 satellite early Saturday, about three-and-a-half hours after takeoff. After separating from the rocket, Jupiter 3 will extend its solar panels and antennas. A series of burns with an onboard engine will move the satellite into a circular geostationary orbit, where its velocity will match the Earth's rotation. Then Jupiter 3 will settle into a parking slot along the equator at 95 degrees west longitude, replacing an obsolete 16-year-old satellite in EchoStar's fleet.

By the end of the year, Jupiter 3 should be in commercial service. It will work alongside two other satellites in the Hughes fleet, together providing more than a terabit of capacity.

"With each one of our satellites that we brought to market... we've seen our speeds increase from 5 megabits per second to 25 megabits per second and now, with this one, we'll deliver 100 megabits per second," Wymer said.

Hughes Network Systems competes with several other satellite-based Internet networks, including SpaceX's Starlink constellation. Starlink satellites fly much closer to Earth than geostationary satellites like Jupiter 3, reducing the latency of Internet signals routed to consumers on the ground. But a geostationary network only needs a few satellites to provide Internet connectivity, whereas SpaceX is launching thousands of Starlink platforms.

The Starlink network and Hughes Network Systems have comparable customer numbers—both claim more than 1.5 million subscribers—but Hughes had a years-long head start over SpaceX.

It's not the first time SpaceX has launched a competitor's payload in the broadband-from-space market. SpaceX has launched satellites for OneWeb's Internet network, and in May, a Falcon Heavy rocket launched a large geostationary broadband satellite for Viasat that is similar in architecture to Jupiter 3.

"The market is large and vast, and I think there's lots of shared opportunity there for all of us," Wymer said.

"All of our services are designed, really, for the underserved and the unserved," Wymer said. "These are typically the rural and low-density areas. With Jupiter 3 and the additional capacity that it's bringing on, with roughly 300 spot beams, we're able to really concentrate more capacity and more throughput into those given markets and areas."

Wymer said the Jupiter 3 satellite uses a different antenna design than Viasat's satellite, which could be declared a total loss after its mesh reflector ran into problems during a post-launch deployment.

"We're really confident that we won't have any issues in that regard," Wymer said.